Instrument

Instrument may refer to:

Science and technology

Instruments (band)

INSTRUMENTS (always spelled with all capital letters by the band) is a three-piece music recording ensemble based in Halifax, NS, Canada.

J. LaPointe, Jon Hutt, and Daniel MacDonald began playing together in Truro, NS, Canada as early as 1991, formally establishing themselves as The Motes (along with Craig Thibault) in 1994. The foursome released six albums before disbanding in 1998. LaPointe spent 1998 - 2001 playing in North of America, touring extensively and releasing four albums, while Hutt spent that time developing his Recyclone project, releasing three albums and collaborating with Sixtoo, Graematter (Buck 65), and LaPointe once again on the "Numbers" full-length. LaPointe, Hutt, and MacDonald reconvened as Instruments in 2001. They have since released three full length albums, two 12” EPs, multiple digital downloads, and collaborated with Triune Gods, American rapper Bleubird, and producer Skyrider on releases on Endemik Music and the Japanese label Granma Music. The band does make rare live appearances including a 2012 performance sharing the stage with Yamantaka // Sonic Titan at the Halifax Pop Explosion, and as recent as January 2014 with Wintersleep.

Instrumental variable

In statistics, econometrics, epidemiology and related disciplines, the method of instrumental variables (IV) is used to estimate causal relationships when controlled experiments are not feasible or when a treatment is not successfully delivered to every unit in a randomized experiment.

Instrumental variable methods allow consistent estimation when the explanatory variables (covariates) are correlated with the error terms of a regression relationship. Such correlation may occur when the dependent variable causes at least one of the covariates ("reverse" causation), when there are relevant explanatory variables which are omitted from the model, or when the covariates are subject to measurement error. In this situation, ordinary linear regression generally produces biased and inconsistent estimates. However, if an instrument is available, consistent estimates may still be obtained. An instrument is a variable that does not itself belong in the explanatory equation and is correlated with the endogenous explanatory variables, conditional on the other covariates. In linear models, there are two main requirements for using an IV: